Midterm listening study guide

Tresillo
3+3+2
X . . X . . X . / X . . X . . X .

Cinquillo
2+1+2+1+2
X . X X . X X ./  X . X X . X X .
Note that this is basically the tresillo with two extra beats
X.xX.xX. / X.xX.xX.

Habanera
3+1+2+2
X . . X X . X . /  X . . X X . X .
q . e q   q 
Note that this is basically the tresillo on top of the 1 and 3 of a straight 4/4.
X . . X . . X .
X . . . X. . .

Clave (son clave)
3+3+4+2+4
X . . X . . X . . . . X . X . . .
or the same thing backwards, like this
X .  X . . . X . . X . . X . . . .
Also, see here




Matachines

Alabado

Southwest mission music: https://www.loc.gov/item/raelbib000141/

Música Jíbara

The music of white Puerto Rican peasants
Instruments

Güiro

Cuatro

Sometimes bongo and guitar

High vocal style, often with décima rhyme scheme and "Le lo lai"

Bomba

The Afro-Puerto Rican dance/drum form

• Multiple barrel drums, with one playing the lead part
• A shaker and a piece of bamboo played by drumsticks
• Call-and-response singing
• Interaction between lead drummer and dancer

Plena

The mixed race Puerto Rican carnival music on topical themes

• Small, medium and large panderetas
• Güiro
• March-like rhythm

Plena also existed in urbanized forms using large urban bands with bass, piano, and multiple horns.

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Mambo
The Cuban based dance music popular at the Palladium
Instrumentation

• Full percussion - Timbales, Congas, and Bongo/Cowbell
• Piano and bass
• Large horn section, playing in percussive blocks, layered parts, or together in fast snaky melodies
• In the case of Pérez Prado - "the grunt"

CuBop

The experimental fusion between Cuban music and jazz, innovated by Mario Bauzá of Machete and his Afro-Cubans, and the collaborations of Dizzy Gillespie and Chano Pozo, and also performed by Cal Tjader and Stan Kenton, shares the instrumentation of mambo. A few differences are:

• The use of extremely dissonant and modern-sounding chords.
• Sometimes, switches between tumbao and swing feels

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Rumba

The Afro-Cuban drum-dance.

Includes

• Conga drums
• Clave
• Woodblock
• Sometimes other stuff
• Couple dance
• Guaguancó, the most common form of rumba has the "dum dum-doom" rhythm

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Son (Pre-Arsenio version)

A Cuban dance music.

Instrumentation

• Claves
• Bongos (which are switched for a cowbell in the montuno section)
• Tres (Cuban stringed instrument)
• Maracas
• Bass (sometimes strong bass, sometimes something else, like marímbula)
• Güiro
• Often a single trumpet

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Danzón
Instrumentation

• Lead flute
• Violins
• Timbales
• Güiro

Multiple sections, the last a mambo

• Sections separated by timbales-led breaks with all the instruments playing in unison
• Instrumental, no vocals (except maybe a repeating chorus in the mambo section)

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Latin Influences
The New Orleans tresillo/habanera

• Maracas and the clave/Bo Diddley rhythm 

• The Latin instruments (güiro, etc.) and syncopated bass lines of the early 1960s hits of Tin Pan Alley

• Fast three chord jams borrowing from Cuban music. Compare the white group The Rascals' "Good Lovin'," a cover of African-American artists The Olympics' version of a Cuban guaracha by the Sonora Matancera (with Celia Cruz).