Listening study guide for the final

Son jarocho

Features the strummed jarana jarocha, usually playing in some rhythm based on (123456 123456)...

 
... and the twangy plucked jarana requinto

There are sometimes other stringed instruments (like harp, a lower pitched jarana) and percussion instruments (like the donkey jawbone (quijada) and the cajón), the zapateo technique of foot-stamping on a wooden tarima, exuberant singing, and the oversized thumb piano called marimbol.

Salsa
Salsa is clave-base music, based on Cuban son and other Afro-Cuban and Afro-Caribbean musical styles. The rhythm section includes congas, bongó/cowbell, and timbales, along with bass and piano, and brass instruments, usuallyincluding trombones, trumpet, and sometimes other stuff as well. The classic New York salsa sound usually has that gritty two-trombone sound and aggressive, up-front percussion:

Cumbia
Cumbia could have many different instruments, but the thing to listen for is the metal scraper (güira)  doing a kind of monotonous 1 and-a-2 and-a-3 and-a-4 (as here) and usually a piano or guitar playing in the off-beats or upbeats, like ska or reggae: 1 AND 2 AND 3 AND 4. You can hear both the scraper and the upbeats here:

Banda
If you hear tuba, and it's in Spanish, it's banda. Tuba (and related instruments like souzaphone and helicon) is the big farty awesome one:

Banda also features trumpets and trombones, paired against clarinets, usually with some kind of stick (not hand) drums like bass drums and snares. The rhythms, as for most northern Mexican and SW Mexican-America music, is either waltz (1 2 3 1 2 3) or polka.

Norteño

This music, like its Texas twin sibling, conjunto, features accordion and bajo sexto. (The differences between conjunto and norteño are really subtle, and I won't ask you to distinguish between them). One thing that modern norteño might have is a banda+accordion combo.

Most of the modern narcocorridos are played by either norteño accordion bands, bandas, or combinations of both.

Reggaetón
Features the dembow rhythm, essentially an electronic habanera.

Punk

Fast, energetic, no frills rock n' roll with distorted guitars with lots of... attitude.